RCA

An RCA connector, sometimes called cinch plug or lotus plug, is a type of electrical connector that is commonly used in the audio/video market. The name "RCA" derives from the Radio Corporation of America, which introduced the design by the early 1940s to allow mono phonograph players to be connected to amplifiers. For many other applications it began to replace the older jack plugs used in the audio world when component high fidelity started becoming popular in the 1950s. The corresponding plug is called an RCA plug or phono plug, for "phonograph". The name "phono plug" is often confused with a "phone plug" which refers to a jack plug or TRS connector.UsesIn the most normal usage, cables have a standard plug on each end, consisting of a central male connector, surrounded by a ring. The ring is often segmented for flexibility. Devices mount the jack, consisting of a central hole with a ring of metal around it. The ring is slightly smaller in diameter and longer than the ring on the plug, allowing the plug's ring to fit tightly over it. The jack has a small area between the outer and inner rings which is filled with an insulator, typically plastic (very early versions, or those made for use as RF connectors used ceramic). As with many other connectors, the RCA has been adopted for other uses than originally intended, including as a power connector, an RF connector, and as a connector for loudspeaker cables. Its use as a connector for composite video signals is extremely common, but provides poor impedance matching. RCA connectors and cable are also commonly used to carry S/PDIF-formatted digital audio, with plugs colored orange to differentiate them from other typical connections. Connections are made by pushing the cable's plug into the female jack on the device.

The signal-carrying pin protrudes from the plug, and often comes into contact with the socket before the grounded rings meet, resulting in loud hum or buzz if the audio components are powered while making connections. Continuous noise can occur if the plug partially falls out of the jack, breaking ground connection but not the signal. Some variants of the plug, especially cheaper versions, also give very poor grip and contact between the ground sheaths due to their lack of flexibility. They are often color-coded, yellow for composite video, red for the right channel, and white or black for the left channel of stereo audio. This trio (or pair) of jacks can be found on the back of almost all audio and video equipment. At least one set is usually found on the front panel of modern TV sets, to facilitate connection of camcorders (through 3.5mm Jack to 3 RCA, also called Mini RCA plug), digital cameras, and video gaming consoles. Although nearly all audio-visual connectors, including audio, composite and component video, and S/PDIF audio can use identical 75 Ω cables, sales of special-purpose cables for each use have proliferated. Varying cable quality means that a cheap line-level audio cable might not successfully transfer component video or digital audio signals due to impedance mismatch and poor shielding quality (causing signal-to-noise ratio to be too low). Cables should meet the S/PDIF specification as defined by the international standard IEC 60958-3 for assured performance. The male plug has a center pin which is 3.70 mm in diameter, and is surrounded by an outer shell which is 8.25 mm in diameter.DisadvantagesOne problem with the RCA jack system is that each signal requires its own plug. Even the simple case of attaching a cassette deck may need four of them, two for stereo input, two for stereo output. In any common setup this quickly leads to a mess of cables, which is made worse if one considers more complex signals like component video (a total of three for video and two for analog audio or one for digital coaxial audio). There have been numerous attempts to introduce combined audio/video connectors for direct signals[citation needed]but in the analog realm none of these have ever become universal, except in Europe where the SCART connector is very successful[citation needed].

For a time the 5-pin DIN connector was popular for bi-directional stereo connection between A/V equipment, but it has been entirely displaced[citation needed] on modern consumer devices. Though RF modulators inherently transmit combined A/V signals in video applications, they depend on broadcast television systems and RF connectors which are not universal worldwide; RF signals are also generally inferior to direct signals due to protocol conversion and the RF limitations of the three major analog TV systems (NTSC, PAL and SECAM). Nearly all modern TV sets, VCRs, and DVD players sold in Europe have SCART connectors[citation needed], though sometimes supplemented by RCA and/or RF connectors and there are also SCART-RCA adapters.[1] Outside Europe, separate RCA connectors are the norm[citation needed], supplemented by RF connectors for backward compatibility and simplicity; though mini-DIN connectors are sometimes used for S-Video connections, composite video, component video, and analog audio (mono or stereo) all use RCA connectors unless RF is used. In the digital realm, however, combined A/V connectors are gaining ground; HDMI is commonly being used today, and DisplayPort is a potential competitor to HDMI. For audio signals, an RCA connection is called unbalanced, and a true balanced connection is generally preferred in certain applications because it allows for the use of long cables while reducing susceptibility to external noise.

Chapter 6…………
Topologies in networking A network topology is the geometric arrangement of nodes and cable links in a LAN, thats what we learn in the class...need 2 find 2 more types of topologys...MESH n TREE There are three topology’s to think about when you get into networks. These are the star, ring, and the bus. Star - a ring topology features a logically closed loop. Data packets travel in a single direction around the ring from one network device to the next. Each network device acts as a repeater, meaning it regenerates the signal Ring - in a star topology each node has a dedicated set of wires connecting it to a central network hub. Since all traffic passes through the hub, the hub becomes a central point for isolating network problems and gathering network statistics. Bus - the bus topology, each node (computer, server, peripheral etc.) attaches directly to a common cable. This topology most often serves as the backbone for a network. In some instances, such as in classrooms or labs, a bus will connect small workgroups MESH TOPOLOGY A type of network setup where each of the computers and network devices are interconnected with one another, allowing for most transmissions to be distributed, even if one of the connections go down. This type of topology is not commonly used for most computer networks as it is difficult and expensive to have redundant connection to every computer. However, this type of topology is commonly used for wireless networks. Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on a network using a mesh topology. TREE TOPOLOGY Among all the Network Topologies we can derive that the Tree Topology is a combination of the bus and the Star Topology. The tree like structure allows you to have many servers on the network and you can branch out the network in many ways. This is particularly helpful for colleges, universities and schools so that each of the branches can identify the relevant systems in their own network and yet connect to the big network in some way
NETWORKING CABLE 2...PRO'S N CON'S Types of Networking Cables: The three main types of networking cables are coaxial cable, twisted-pair cable and fiber optic cable and the differences................ Coaxial Cable: Coaxial cable is made of two conductors that share the same axis; the center is a copper wire that is insulated by a plastic coating and then wrapped with an outer conductor (usually a wire braid). This outer conductor around the insulation serves as electrical shielding for the signal being carried by the inner conductor. A tough insulating plastic tube outside the outer conductor provides physical and electrical protection. At one time, coaxial cable was the most widely used network cabling. However, with improvements and the lower cost of twisted-pair cables, it has lost its popularity. Network Cable Types There are two types of coaxial cable. 1. ThickNet 2. ThinNet ThickNet: ThickNet is about .38 inches in diameter. This makes it a better conductor, and it can carry a signal about 1640 feet (500 meters) before signal strength begins to suffer. The disadvantage of ThickNet over ThinNet is that it is more difficult to work with. The ThickNet version is also known as standard Ethernet cable. ThinNet: ThinNet is the easiest to use. It is about .25 inches in diameter, making it flexible and easy to work with (it is similar to the material commonly used for cable TV). ThinNet can carry a signal about 605 feet (185 meters) before signal strength begins to suffer. Twisted-Pair Cable: Twisted-pair cable consists of two insulated strands of copper wire twisted around each other to form a pair. One or more twisted pairs are used in a twisted-pair cable. The purpose of twisting the wires is to eliminate electrical interference from other wires and outside sources such as motors. Twisting the wires cancels any electrical noise from the adjacent pair. The more twists per linear foot, the greater the effect. Network Cable Types There are two types of twisted pair cable 1. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) 2. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): The only difference between STP and UTP is that STP has a foil or wire braid wrapped around the individual wires of the pairs. The shielding is designed to minimize EMI radiation and susceptibility to crosstalk. The STP cable uses a woven-copper braided jacket, which is a higher-quality, more protective jacket than UTP. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): As the name implies, "unshielded twisted pair" (UTP) cabling is twisted pair cabling that contains no shielding. UTP cables can be divided further into following categories: Category 1 : Traditional telephone cable. Carries voice but not data Category 2 : Certified UTP for data transmission of up to 4 megabits per second (Mbps). It has four twisted pairs Category 3 : Certified UTP for data transmission of up to 10 Mbps. It has four twisted pairs Category 4 : Certified UTP for data transmission of up to 16 Mbps. It has four twisted pairs Category 5 : Certified for data transmission of up to 100 Mbps. It has four twisted pairs of copper wire Category 6 :Offers transmission speeds up to 155 Mbps Category 7 :Category 7 is a proposed standard that aims to support transmission at frequencies up to 600 MHz Twisted-pair cable has several advantages over other types of cable (coaxial and fiberoptic): It is readily available, easy to install, and inexpensive. Among its disadvantages are its sensitivity to electromagnetic interference (EMI), its susceptibility to eavesdropping, its lack of support for communication at distances of greater than 100 feet, and its requirement of a hub (multiple network connection point) if it is to be used with more than two computers. Twisted pair cables use RJ45 connector. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) This is the most popular form of cables in the network and the cheapest form that you can go with. The UTP has four pairs of wires and all inside plastic sheathing. The biggest reason that we call it Twisted Pair is to protect the wires from interference from themselves. Each wire is only protected with a thin plastic sheath. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Is more common in high-speed networks. The biggest difference you will see in the UTP and STP is that the STP use’s metallic shield wrapping to protect the wire from interference. -Something else to note about these cables is that they are defined in numbers also. The bigger the number the better the protection from interference. Most networks should go with no less than a CAT 3 and CAT 5 is most recommended. -Now you know about cables we need to know about connectors. This is pretty important and you will most likely need the RJ-45 connector. This is the cousin of the phone jack connector and looks real similar with the exception that the RJ-45 is bigger. Most commonly your connector are in two flavors and this is BNC (Bayonet Naur Connector) used in thicknets and the RJ-45 used in smaller networks using UTP/STP.

Bussiness to Consumer

Business-to-consumer (B2C, sometimes also called Business-to-Customer) describes activities of businesses serving end consumers with products and/or services.

An example of a B2C transaction would be a person buying a pair of shoes from a retailer. The transactions that led to the shoes being available for purchase, that is the purchase of the leather, laces, rubber, etc. as well as the sale of the shoe from the shoemaker to the retailer would be considered (B2B) transactions.

Bussiness to Bussiness

Business-to-business (B2B) describes commerce transactions between businesses, such as between a manufacturer and a wholesaler, or between a wholesaler and a retailer. Contrasting terms are business-to-consumer (B2C) and business-to-government (B2G).

The volume of B2B transactions is much higher than the volume of B2C transactions. The primary reason for this is that in a typical supply chain there will be many B2B transactions involving subcomponent or raw materials, and only one B2C transaction, specifically sale of the finished product to the end customer. For example, an automobile manufacturer makes several B2B transactions such as buying tires, glass for windshields, and rubber hoses for its vehicles. The final transaction, a finished vehicle sold to the consumer, is a single (B2C) transaction.

Consumer to Consumer

Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) (or citizen-to-citizen) electronic commerce involves the electronically-facilitated transactions between consumers through some third party. A common example is the online auction, in which a consumer posts an item for sale and other consumers bid to purchase it; the third party generally charges a flat fee or commission. The sites are only intermediaries, just there to match consumers. They do not have to check quality of the products being offered.

Consumer to Business

Consumer-to-business (C2B) is an electronic commerce bussiness model in which consumers (individuals) offer products and services to companies and the companies pay them. This business model is a complete reversal of traditional business model where companies offer goods and services to consumers (business-to-consumer = B2C).

This kind of economic relationship is qualified as an inverted business type. The advent of the C2B scheme is due to major changes:

• Connecting a large group of people to a bidirectional network has made this sort of commercial relationship possible. The large traditional media outlets are one direction relationship whereas the internet is bidirectional one.
• Decreased cost of technology : Individuals now have access to technologies that were once only available to large companies ( digital printing and acquisition technology, high performance computer, powerful software)

PORTAL MY EG

MyEG Services Berhad merupakan sebuah syarikat pemegang konsesi kerajaan elektronik Malaysia di bawah aplikasi Perdana MSC. Berperanan sebagai pembekal aplikasi e-khidmat yang menghubungkan pihak kerajaan, rakyat dan syarikat perkhidmatan.Melalui portal kami,rakyat Malaysia berpeluang untuk berinteraksi kepada mana-mana badan kerajaan melalui satu pusat sehenti. Portal kami juga membolehkan rakyat Malaysia untuk berinteraksi dengan pelbagai agensi Kerajaan Persekutuan, Negeri dan kerajaan tempatan yang menawarkan pelbagai perkhidmatan daripada pencarian maklumat sehinggalah kepada permohonan lesen. Untuk menyediakan perkhidmatan yang memerlukan interaksi fizikal, MyEG telah mewujudkan pusat e-khidmat di seluruh negeri sebagai pelengkap kepada perkhidmatan secara atas talian. Kami percaya melalui dua pendekatan ini, kami boleh menambahkan lagi cabang interaksi di antara kerajaan Malaysia dan rakyatnya. PORTAL RILEKIntroducing RILEK as the revolutionary way to perform all your e-government services:
Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan (JPJ)

Polis DiRaja Malaysia (PDRM)

Telekom Malaysia Berhad (TMB)

Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB)
We provide easy transactions electronically via various delivery channels.RILEK offers JPJ Driving Licences services, summons payments and inquiries on Kejara points.Our services include electronic utility bill payment for TNB and Telekom bills.Go online and experience hands-on the technologically advanced payment method, minus the hassle, queues, and frustrations. You can complete all your billing payments and inquiries in an instant, comfortably from anywhere.RILEK represent reliability, simplicity and security. RILEK is equipped with high-end multimedia facilities and system support to accommodate heavy traffic flow. In addition, it is capable of processing information at an efficient and high-speed rate. RILEK promotes a hassle-free and innovative lifestyle that is designed to eliminate queues and frustrations. RILEK combines advanced technology and human proficiency to enhance your lifestyle.

PERKEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI KOMUNIKASI

Terdapat 4 era perkembangan teknologi komunikasi,era yang pertama ialah era perkembangan komunikasi penulisan.era perkembangan penulisan pula terdapat tiga peringkat iaitu komunikasi melalui suara,komunikasi melalaui simbol dan komunikasi melalui adjad.komunikasi melalui suara telah di temui 200000 thn dahulu,komunikasi melalui simbol pula telah ditemui 30000 thn sebelum masihi manakala komunikasi melalui abjad telah ditemui 2000 thn sebelum masihi di mesir.
Era perkembangan komunikasi yang kedua ialah era pencetakan.Johannes Guttenberg dikenali sbg bapa pencetakan kerana beliaulah yg telah memperkenalkan mesin printing.Era pencetakan ini telah meningkatkan keberkesanan menyalin manuskip.Dlm era ini ejaan dan bentuk tulisan telah diseragamkan.
Era seterusnya ialah era perkembangan telekomunikasi.Dlm era ini byk ciptaan-ciptaan telah dilakukan antaranya ialah mesin telegraf,kod morse,fonograf,telefon dan radio.Seterusnya adalah era perkembangan komunikasi interaktif.terdpt empat penciptaan dalam era ini antaranya ialah fotografi,televisyen,gambar bergerak dan komputer.

PENGENALAN KEPADA SISTEM KOMUNIKASI

Dlm kls cct1023 kami telah mempelajari bab1 iaitu pengenalan kepada sistem komunikasi.Menurut John B.Hoben,1954 komunikasi adalah satu proses penukaran verbal antara idea dan pemikiran.Terdapat beberapa elemen dalam sistem komunikasi antaranya ialah sumber,penerima,saluran,maklum balas dan gangguan.Model komunikasi pula terbahagi kepada 3 antaranya ialah model Lasswell,Model Shanon dan Weaver dan model Berlo.

Menurut Rosen teknologi adalah keseluruhan perkakasan yang bersifat teknologikal secara semulajadi termasuklah komputer dan juga lain-lain perkakasan yg beroperasi menggunakan cip komputer.Terdapat empat kategori teknologi pengguna iaitu teknologi pengguna yg popular,teknologi pengguna yg bernilai,teknologi pengguna bg tujuan hiburan dan teknologi pengguna bg tujuan hiburan.

Teknologi komunikasi pula ialah alat perkakasan,struktur organisasi dan nilai-nilai sosial yg dialami oleh individu semasa mengumpul,memproses dan bertukar-tukar informasi dgn individu yg lain.Antara ciri-ciri komunikasi ialah sesuatu mesej mampu dicapai oleh pelbagai lapisan masyarakat,khalayak serta pengguna media secara lebih terbuka,global tanpa sekatan dan tanpa mengambil kira jarak lokasi.kerjaya dalam bidang komunikasi teknologi ialah teknikal,pengurusan,kreatif dan produksi.

KENALI RAKAN ANDA

Nama saya Vikneswary Muniappen.Pada 8 july 2009,sebagai hari pengenalan kelas CCT1023 pensyarah kami telah mengadakan satu aktiviti yang bertajukkan kenali rakan anda. Aktiviti ini diadakan supaya semua pelajar dlm kelas tersebut dapat mengenali antara satu sama lain.kami telah di bahagikan kepada lima kump.Di dlm kump tersebut kami harus mengenali rakan kami dari segi nama,hobi,tempat yg disukai,warna dan cita-cita.kami di berikan 10 minit untuk mengenali rakan kami dalam kump tersebut.

Seorang pelajar dlm setiap kump diminta tampil ke hadapan utk memperkenalkan rakan dalam kump tersebut.kumpulan saya merupakan kump pertama,rakan saya yang bernama ronat telah dipanggil utk memperkenalkan rakan dlm kump tersebut.Beliau diminta memperkenalkan nama dan warna kegemaran setiap pelajar dalam kumpulan tersebut.Kumpulan saya terdiri daripada 13 org pelajar termasuk saya. Warna kegemaran rakan sy yang bernama Anie,Hana dan Umu adalah pink manakala warna kegemaran Mizan dan Fazizi adalah hijau.Siviya pula mengukai warna putih.Fatiha dan Foo chuan mengukai warna hitam.Ronat pula warna kegemarannya adalah merah dan Hani mengukai warna purple.Kavita,izat dan saya mengukai warna biru.

Saya berpendapat aktiviti seperti ini harus diadakan supaya kita dapat mengenali rakan sekelas kita........